In this new report, Oxford Martin School academics, Dr Carl Benedikt Frey, Associate Professor Michael Osborne and Dr Craig Holmes expand their theories on the changing nature of innovation and work and the associated implications for the future of employment and society more widely. Based on their methodology that predicted 47% of US jobs were at risk of automation, they now look at the probabilities of jobs at risk across the world as well as the disparities of job risk between cities. The research emphasises that to protect against jobs being eliminated due to automation, it is important to recognise which characteristics are most likely to be associated with a given job being automated - perception and manipulation, creative intelligence, and social intelligence are identified as the three bottlenecks to automation. It explains that cities and regions that have invested in skilled industries remain relatively safe from automation and technological dynamism will remain the best way to maximise employment and to benefit positively from new technologies. Education is also a very important tool that policymakers will need to leverage in preparation for the effects of accelerated technological change.